### *Environmental Sciences Mock Exam (100 Marks)*
*As per FPSC Pattern for CSS Exam*

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### *Section A: Multiple-Choice Questions (MCQs)*
*(Each question carries 1 mark; total = 20 marks)*

1. Which of the following is NOT a greenhouse gas?
a) Carbon dioxide (CO₂)
b) Methane (CH₄)
c) Nitrogen (N₂)
d) Nitrous oxide (N₂O)

2. The phenomenon of “global warming” is primarily caused by:
a) Deforestation
b) Increased use of fossil fuels
c) Both a and b
d) None of the above

3. The Kyoto Protocol was designed to:
a) Reduce biodiversity loss
b) Limit greenhouse gas emissions
c) Promote nuclear energy
d) Encourage urbanization

4. The term “ecological footprint” refers to:
a) The area of land required to support a population sustainably
b) The impact of industrial waste on ecosystems
c) The number of species in an ecosystem
d) The carbon emissions of a single individual

5. Which of the following is a renewable energy source?
a) Coal
b) Natural gas
c) Solar power
d) Petroleum

6. The process of converting waste materials into reusable materials is called:
a) Recycling
b) Upcycling
c) Downcycling
d) Composting

7. The depletion of the ozone layer is primarily caused by:
a) Carbon dioxide
b) Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)
c) Methane
d) Sulfur dioxide

8. The concept of “sustainable development” emphasizes:
a) Economic growth at any cost
b) Balancing environmental, social, and economic needs
c) Prioritizing environmental conservation over human needs
d) Ignoring ecological limits

9. Which of the following ecosystems has the highest biodiversity?
a) Deserts
b) Tropical rainforests
c) Grasslands
d) Tundra

10. The term “biomagnification” refers to:
a) The increase in biomass in an ecosystem
b) The accumulation of toxic substances in organisms at higher trophic levels
c) The magnification of species diversity
d) The growth of microorganisms in water bodies

11. Which of the following is a primary cause of soil erosion?
a) Overgrazing
b) Afforestation
c) Urbanization
d) All of the above

12. The Ramsar Convention focuses on the conservation of:
a) Forests
b) Wetlands
c) Oceans
d) Mountains

13. The term “carbon sequestration” refers to:
a) The release of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere
b) The capture and storage of atmospheric carbon dioxide
c) The burning of fossil fuels
d) The decomposition of organic matter

14. Which of the following is a major source of marine pollution?
a) Agricultural runoff
b) Industrial waste
c) Plastic waste
d) All of the above

15. The term “eutrophication” refers to:
a) The enrichment of water bodies with nutrients, leading to algal blooms
b) The depletion of oxygen in water bodies
c) The introduction of invasive species
d) The drying up of wetlands

16. Which of the following is NOT a method of solid waste management?
a) Landfilling
b) Incineration
c) Open dumping
d) Recycling

17. The Paris Agreement aims to limit global temperature rise to:
a) 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels
b) 2°C above pre-industrial levels
c) Both a and b
d) None of the above

18. The term “biodiversity hotspot” refers to:
a) Areas with high species richness and significant habitat loss
b) Regions with low biodiversity
c) Areas prone to natural disasters
d) Urban areas with high pollution levels

19. Which of the following is a consequence of deforestation?
a) Loss of biodiversity
b) Climate change
c) Soil erosion
d) All of the above

20. The term “urban heat island” refers to:
a) The cooling effect of urban areas
b) The warming effect of urban areas compared to surrounding rural areas
c) The migration of wildlife to urban areas
d) The reduction of green spaces in cities

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### *Section B: Long-Answer Questions*
*(Each question carries 16 marks; total = 80 marks)*

1. *Climate Change and Its Impacts:* Discuss the causes and consequences of climate change. How can Pakistan mitigate its effects while promoting sustainable development?

2. *Biodiversity Conservation:* Explain the importance of biodiversity for ecosystem stability. What measures can be taken to conserve biodiversity in Pakistan?

3. *Pollution and Waste Management:* Analyze the major sources of pollution in Pakistan. Suggest strategies for effective waste management and pollution control.

4. *Renewable Energy and Sustainability:* Evaluate the potential of renewable energy sources in Pakistan. How can the transition to renewable energy contribute to environmental sustainability?

5. *Environmental Policies and International Agreements:* Critically examine the role of international agreements like the Paris Agreement and the Kyoto Protocol in addressing global environmental challenges. How has Pakistan responded to these initiatives?