*Part-I: Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs)*
(Each question carries 1 mark. Total: 20 marks)

1. The Treaty of Westphalia (1648) is considered a cornerstone of modern international relations because it established:
a) The concept of sovereignty
b) The United Nations
c) The European Union
d) NATO

2. Which of the following theories emphasizes the anarchic nature of the international system?
a) Liberalism
b) Realism
c) Constructivism
d) Marxism

3. The “Responsibility to Protect” (R2P) doctrine was formally endorsed by the United Nations in which year?
a) 1995
b) 2000
c) 2005
d) 2010

4. Which of the following organizations focuses primarily on global trade regulation?
a) World Bank
b) International Monetary Fund (IMF)
c) World Trade Organization (WTO)
d) United Nations Development Programme (UNDP)

5. The term “Soft Power” was coined by which scholar?
a) Hans Morgenthau
b) Joseph Nye
c) Kenneth Waltz
d) Samuel Huntington

6. In 2024, which country announced its withdrawal from the International Criminal Court (ICC)?
a) South Africa
b) Russia
c) Israel
d) Brazil

7. The Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) is a global infrastructure project spearheaded by:
a) India
b) China
c) Russia
d) United States

8. Which of the following is NOT a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council (UNSC)?
a) France
b) Germany
c) United Kingdom
d) China

9. The “Quad” alliance includes all of the following countries EXCEPT:
a) Japan
b) India
c) Australia
d) South Korea

10. The principle of “Non-Alignment” during the Cold War was championed by which leader?
a) Winston Churchill
b) Jawaharlal Nehru
c) Franklin D. Roosevelt
d) Joseph Stalin

11. The Paris Agreement (2015) primarily addresses which global issue?
a) Nuclear proliferation
b) Climate change
c) Cybersecurity
d) Terrorism

12. Which of the following is a key objective of ASEAN (Association of Southeast Asian Nations)?
a) Military alliance
b) Economic integration
c) Religious unity
d) Political unification

13. The Cuban Missile Crisis (1962) was a direct confrontation between which two superpowers?
a) United States and Soviet Union
b) United States and China
c) Soviet Union and United Kingdom
d) China and India

14. The concept of “Balance of Power” is most closely associated with which school of thought?
a) Liberalism
b) Realism
c) Constructivism
d) Feminism

15. Which of the following treaties ended World War I?
a) Treaty of Versailles
b) Treaty of Tordesillas
c) Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
d) Treaty of Utrecht

16. The “Global South” refers to:
a) Countries in the Southern Hemisphere
b) Economically underdeveloped nations
c) Former colonial powers
d) NATO member states

17. The “Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty” (NPT) entered into force in which year?
a) 1965
b) 1970
c) 1980
d) 1990

18. Which of the following is a key feature of the “Indo-Pacific Strategy”?
a) Countering China’s influence
b) Promoting free trade agreements
c) Strengthening NATO alliances
d) Reducing carbon emissions

19. The “Shanghai Cooperation Organization” (SCO) primarily focuses on:
a) Economic development
b) Security cooperation
c) Cultural exchange
d) Environmental protection

20. The “Iran Nuclear Deal” (JCPOA) was signed in which year?
a) 2013
b) 2015
c) 2017
d) 2019

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*Part-II: Subjective Questions*
(Total: 80 marks)

*Essay-Type Questions (Answer any FIVE questions. Each carries 16 marks.)*

1. *Critically evaluate the role of international organizations like the United Nations in addressing global challenges such as climate change and terrorism. Are they effective or merely symbolic?*

2. *Analyze the impact of the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) on global geopolitics. How does it affect smaller nations and regional powers?*

3. *Discuss the rise of populism in global politics. How has it influenced international relations, particularly in Europe and the Americas?*

4. *Evaluate the effectiveness of economic sanctions as a tool of foreign policy. Use examples from recent international conflicts to support your argument.*

5. *Critically assess the role of soft power in shaping global perceptions of nations. How have countries like China and India utilized soft power in their foreign policies?*

6. *Examine the causes and consequences of the Ukraine-Russia conflict (2022 onwards). What are its implications for global security and energy markets?*

7. *Propose strategies for small states to navigate great power competition in the 21st century. How can they maintain sovereignty while engaging with larger powers?*